Viewpoint, with discussion of the exciting new concept of personalized medicine. Adverse drug reactions. Manual evacuation of faeces performed. Conceptual Review of Pharmacology for NBE, 2nd Edition by Ranjan Kumar Patel is a book useful for all PG medical entrance examination. Conceptual Pharmacology. Preview this book ». Please send in.pdf. User Review - Flag as inappropriate.
We have shared a review and a free pdf download link (Google Drive) of Review of Pharmacology PDF 12th Edition by Gobind Rai Garg, Sparsh Gupta.
This book “Review of Pharmacology” discusses the drugs and their adverse effects related to the various diseases which are associated with different-different systems such as the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, central nervous system, etc., and various parts of the body. This book is very useful to crack NEET and other important PG entrance examinations because this book has strong theoretical and conceptual questions along with the key points given under the heading of various boxes in the chapters. In this ninth edition, add a lot of mnemonics, diagrams, and flow charts to make learning interesting and easier.
Features of Garg Review of Pharmacology.
Conceptual Review Of Pharmacology Pdf File
- The question bank of every chapter has been divided into subtopics. It will help the students to solve MCQs after reading the theory of a particular topic of a chapter.
- In this book, concise and enriched text in each chapter followed by MCQs from various postgraduate entrance examinations and other important questions likely to come. The text provides the advantage of antegrade study in a short span of time.
Table Of Content:
- Image-Based Questions.
- Preliminary Pages.
- Chapter-01 History of Pharmacology.
- Chapter-02 General Pharmacology.
- Chapter-03 Autonomic Nervous System.
- Chapter-04 Autacoids.
- Chapter-05 Cardiovascular System.
- Chapter-06 Kidney.
- Chapter-07 Endocrinology.
- Chapter-08 Central Nervous System.
- Chapter-09 Anaesthesia.
- Chapter-10 Hematology.
- Chapter-11 Respiratory System.
- Chapter-12 Gastrointestinal Tract.
- Chapter-13 Chemotherapy A: General Considerations and Non-specific Antimicrobial Agents.
- Chapter-14 Chemotherapy B: Antimicrobials for Specific Conditions.
- Chapter-15 Chemotherapy C: Antineoplastic Drugs.
- Chapter-16 Immunomodulators.
- Chapter-17 Other Topics and Adverse Effects.
- Chapter-18 Drugs of Choice.
- Chapter-19 New Drugs.
- Chapter-20 Recent Topics.
- Chapter-21 Latest Papers.
Gobind Rai Garg Review of Pharmacology PDF Download
Conceptual Review Of Pharmacology Pdf Download
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Before we can begin to understand how different medications influence the brain, we need to review the central nervous system. The nervous system can be divided into two major regions: the central and peripheral nervous systems. The is the brain and spinal cord, and the is everything else. The brain is contained within the cranial cavity of the skull, and the spinal cord is contained within the vertebral cavity of the vertebral column. It is a bit of an oversimplification to say that the CNS is what is inside these two cavities and the peripheral nervous system is outside of them, but that is one way to start to think about it. In actuality, there are some elements of the peripheral nervous system that are within the cranial or vertebral cavities. The peripheral nervous system is so named because it is on the periphery—meaning beyond the brain and spinal cord. Depending on different aspects of the nervous system, the dividing line between central and peripheral is not necessarily universal. The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system, which are further discussed in the “Autonomic Nervous System” chapter.[1] (See Figures 8.1[2] and 8.2[3] for illustrations of the central and peripheral nervous systems.)
Review more detailed information about the nervous system function using this OpenStax link:
Communication in the Nervous System
Your brain communicates with electrical impulses that signal a release of a , which then binds to the targeted cell. Understanding this communication will help you put the pieces together when you are trying to understand the mechanism of action of medication that works by influencing neurotransmitters. See Figure 8.3 for an illustration of the major elements in communication.[4]
There are two types of connections between electrically active cells: chemical synapses and electrical synapses. In a , a chemical signal—namely, a neurotransmitter—is released from one cell and affects another cell. In comparison, in an , there is a direct connection between the two cells so that ions can pass directly from one cell to the next. In this unit we will be focusing on the communication of a neurotransmitter in a chemical synapse. Once in the synaptic cleft, the neurotransmitter diffuses the short distance to the postsynaptic membrane and can interact with neurotransmitter receptors. Receptors are specific for the neurotransmitter, and the two fit together like a key and lock. One neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and will not bind to receptors for other neurotransmitters, making the binding a specific chemical event.[5] (See Figure 8.4 for an illustration of a synapse.[6])
When the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, the cell membrane of the target neuron changes its electrical state and a new graded potential begins. If that graded potential is strong enough to reach , the second neuron generates an. The target of this neuron is another neuron in the of the brain, the part of the CNS that acts as a relay for sensory information. The thalamus then sends the sensory information to the cerebral cortex, the outermost layer of gray matter in the brain, where conscious perception of that stimulus begins.[7]
A supplementary video explaining neuron communication via action potentials is provided below.
Types of Neurotransmitters
Amino Acids
One group of neurotransmitters are amino acids. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an example of an amino acid neurotransmitter. They each have their own receptors and do not interact with each other. Amino acid neurotransmitters are eliminated from the synapse by reuptake. A pump in the cell membrane of the presynaptic element, or sometimes a neighboring glial cell, will clear the amino acid from the synaptic cleft so that it can be recycled, repackaged in vesicles, and released again.
Conceptual Review Of Pharmacology Pdf Download
Biogenic Amine
Another class of neurotransmitter is the biogenic amine, a group of neurotransmitters that are enzymatically made from amino acids. For example, serotonin is made from tryptophan. It is the basis of the serotonergic system, which has its own specific receptors. Serotonin is transported back into the presynaptic cell for repackaging.
Other biogenic amines are made from tyrosine and include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Dopamine is part of its own system, the dopaminergic system, which has dopamine receptors. Norepinephrine and epinephrine belong to the adrenergic neurotransmitter system. The two molecules are very similar and bind to the same receptors, which are referred to as alpha- and beta-receptors. The biogenic amines have mixed effects. For example, dopamine receptors that are classified as D1 receptors are excitatory, whereas D2-type receptors are inhibitory.
The important thing to remember about neurotransmitters and signaling chemicals is that the effect is entirely dependent on the receptor.[9]
Functions of Neurotransmitters
Conceptual Review Of Pharmacology Pdf 2019
An alteration in CNS function is related to abnormal impulse transmission and can result in an imbalance of a neurotransmitter. A person with an imbalance of neurotransmitters may have signs and symptoms of a CNS disorder. The medications that are used to treat CNS disorders mimic or block the neurotransmitter based on the imbalance caused by the condition. Medications are used to either stimulate or depress the effect of the neurotransmitter. For example, CNS depressants alter the brain by decreasing excitability of neurotransmitters, blocking their receptor site, or increasing the inhibitory neurotransmitter. On the other hand, CNS stimulants increase brain activity by increasing excitability of neurotransmitters, decreasing the inhibitory neurotransmitters, or blocking their receptor sites.[10]
Conceptual Review Of Pharmacology Pdf
Norepinephrine is often associated with the fight-or-flight response. Abnormal levels of this neurotransmitter are also associated with depression, decreased alertness and interest, along with possible palpitations, anxiety, and panic attacks. Dopamine is strongly linked to motor and cognition. This neurotransmitter influences movement and can be associated with ADHD, paranoia, and schizophrenia. Serotonin is heavily involved in many bodily processes. Abnormal levels of serotonin can affect sleep, libido, mood, and temperature regulation. Alterations of this neurotransmitter have been linked to many mental health issues such as depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and body disorders. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) can act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA assists with communication in the brain, and if this neurotransmitter is low, it has been linked to issues such as anxiety, seizures, mania, and impulse control. The neurotransmitter glutamate works as an excitatory neurotransmitter and works with GABA to control other functions of the brain.[11]
Conceptual Review Of Pharmacology Pdf Download
- This work is a derivative of Anatomy and Physiology by OpenStax licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction↵
- '1201 Overview of Nervous System.jpg' by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/12-1-basic-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-system↵
- '1205 Somatic Autonomic Enteric StructuresN.jpg' by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/12-1-basic-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-system↵
- 'Chemical synapse schema cropped.jpg' by Looie496 is licensed under public domain. Access for free at https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/10%3A_Overview_of_the_Nervous_System/10.1%3A_Introduction_to_the_Nervous_System/10.1A%3A_Organization_of_the_Nervous_System↵
- This work is a derivative of Anatomy and Physiology by OpenStax licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction↵
- '1225 Chemical Synapse.jpg' by Young, KA., Wise, JA., DeSaix, P., Kruse, DH., Poe, B., Johnson, E., Johnson, JE., Korol, O., Betts, JG., & Womble, M. is licensed under CC BY 4.0 Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/12-5-communication-between-neurons↵
- This work is a derivative of Anatomy and Physiology by OpenStax licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction↵
- Forciea, B. (2015, May 12). Anatomy and Physiology: Nervous System: Action Potential Generation V2.0. [Video]. YouTube. All rights reserved. Video used with permission. https://youtu.be/-xFliVq3MKg.↵
- This work is a derivative of Anatomy and Physiology by OpenStax licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-introduction↵
- This work is a derivative of Pharmacology Notes: Nursing Implications for Clinical Practice by Gloria Velarde licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. ↵
- This work is a derivative of Pharmacology Notes: Nursing Implications for Clinical Practice by Gloria Velarde licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. ↵